Total nasal reconstruction: a review of the past and present, with a peak into the future.

The goal of this article is to review the complex topic of total nasal reconstruction and present a wide range of options for completing this difficult surgical procedure.Nasal reconstruction has a long history dating back thousands of years. Some historical techniques still exist today, including the paramedian forehead flap. The introduction of free tissue transfer and other pedicled flaps has provided multiple options for the reconstructive surgeon. The future of nasal reconstruction will include facial transplantation and likely bioengineered tissues.The principles of nasal reconstruction have gone unchanged for decades; however, the techniques to meet the principles have. The current reconstructive methods of grafts, free flaps, and pedicled flaps used to replace lining, structure, and skin will likely be used for several years to come. However, the use of facial transplantation has proved effective and bioengineered tissues present an exciting future for organ replacement.