macrophages in tumor microenvironments and the progression of tumors
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ID: 202254
2012
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Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed innate immune cells that play indispensable roles in the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens and in-tissue homeostasis. Macrophages can be activated by a variety of stimuli and polarized to functionally different phenotypes. Two distinct subsets of macrophages have been proposed, including classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. M1 macrophages express a series of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and effector molecules, such as IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, iNOS and MHCI/II. In contrast, M2 macrophages express a wide array of anti-inflammatory molecules, such as IL-10, TGF-β, and arginase1. In most tumors, the infiltrated macrophages are considered to be of the M2 phenotype, which provides an immunosuppressive microenvironment for tumor growth. Furthermore, tumor-associated macrophages secrete many cytokines, chemokines, and proteases, which promote tumor angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, and immunosuppression. Recently, it was also found that tumor-associated macrophages interact with cancer stem cells. This interaction leads to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. So mediating macrophage to resist tumors is considered to be potential therapy.
| Reference Key |
hao2012clinicalmacrophages
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|---|---|
| Authors | ;Ning-Bo Hao;Mu-Han Lü;Ya-Han Fan;Ya-Ling Cao;Zhi-Ren Zhang;Shi-Ming Yang |
| Journal | Applied Surface Science |
| Year | 2012 |
| DOI |
10.1155/2012/948098
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| URL | |
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