The Efficacy of the Larvicide Against in Municipal Wastewater and Water from Natural Wetlands.

Water quality is a factor that is likely to interact with the activity of ()-based mosquito larvicides. High rates of adsorption to dense particulate matter and toxin degradation in water may be expected to reduce effectiveness. Therefore, water from wastewater lagoons may serve as a protective habitat for mosquito larvae against larvicides relative to natural wetlands. We conducted a study in which we exposed larvae of to various concentrations of in water collected from an urban wetlands and an urban wastewater pond. We used survival analysis and a comparison of life-history characteristics to assess the effects of aquatic media on the relative efficacy of and on fitness indicators. In our study, mosquitoes reared in wastewater and exposed to high (100% of minimum field application rate) and medium (50% of minimum field application rate) concentrations of experienced significantly higher mortality than mosquitoes exposed to corresponding concentrations but reared in water from natural urban wetlands. In addition, females that emerged from wastewater had shorter wings than those that emerged from wetland-collected water. These effects may have been due to higher turbidity and higher ionic concentrations in wastewater than water from natural wetlands.