the 3.6 ka aniakchak tephra in the arctic ocean: a constraint on the holocene radiocarbon reservoir age in the chukchi sea
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2017
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Abstract
The caldera-forming eruption of the Aniakchak volcano in the Aleutian Range
on the Alaskan Peninsula at 3.6 cal kyr BP was one of the largest Holocene
eruptions worldwide. The resulting ash is found as a visible sediment layer
in several Alaskan sites and as a cryptotephra on Newfoundland and Greenland.
This large geographic distribution, combined with the fact that the eruption
is relatively well constrained in time using radiocarbon dating of lake
sediments and annual layer counts in ice cores, makes it an excellent
stratigraphic marker for dating and correlating mid–late Holocene sediment
and paleoclimate records. This study presents the outcome of a targeted
search for the Aniakchak tephra in a marine sediment core from the Arctic
Ocean, namely Core SWERUS-L2-2-PC1 (2PC), raised from 57 m water depth in
Herald Canyon, western Chukchi Sea. High concentrations of tephra shards,
with a geochemical signature matching that of Aniakchak ash, were observed
across a more than 1.5 m long sediment sequence. Since the primary input of
volcanic ash is through atmospheric transport, and assuming that bioturbation
can account for mixing up to ca. 10 cm of the marine sediment deposited at
the coring site, the broad signal is interpreted as sustained reworking at
the sediment source input. The isochron is therefore placed at the base of
the sudden increase in tephra concentrations rather than at the maximum
concentration. This interpretation of major reworking is strengthened by
analysis of grain size distribution which points to ice rafting as an
important secondary transport mechanism of volcanic ash. Combined with
radiocarbon dates on mollusks in the same sediment core, the volcanic marker
is used to calculate a marine radiocarbon reservoir age offset ΔR = 477 ± 60 years. This relatively high value may be explained by the major
influence of typically
carbon-oldPacific waters, and it agrees well with recent estimates of ΔR along the northwest Alaskan coast, possibly indicating stable oceanographic conditions during the second half of the Holocene. Our use of a volcanic absolute age marker to obtain the marine reservoir age offset is the first of its kind in the Arctic Ocean and provides an important framework for improving chronologies and correlating marine sediment archives in this region. Core 2PC has a high sediment accumulation rate averaging 200 cm kyr−1 throughout the last 4000 years, and the chronology presented here provides a solid base for high-resolution reconstructions of late Holocene climate and ocean variability in the Chukchi Sea.
| Reference Key |
pearce2017climatethe
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| Authors | ;C. Pearce;A. Varhelyi;S. Wastegård;F. Muschitiello;N. Barrientos;M. O'Regan;T. M. Cronin;L. Gemery;I. Semiletov;J. Backman;M. Jakobsson |
| Journal | proceedings - 16th ieee/acis international conference on computer and information science, icis 2017 |
| Year | 2017 |
| DOI |
10.5194/cp-13-303-2017
|
| URL | |
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