Cytokines and Growth Factors.

Several cytokines have been used to treat autoimmune diseases, viral infections, and cancer and to regenerate the skin. In particular, interferons (INFs) have been used to treat cancer, hepatitis B and C, and multiple sclerosis, while interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) have been used in the management of different types of cancer. Concerning the hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs), epoetin has been used for anemia, whereas the colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) have been used for neutropenia. Other growth factors have been extensively explored, although most still need to demonstrate in vivo clinical relevance before reaching the market.This chapter provides an overview on the therapeutic applications of biological medicines containing recombinant cytokines and growth factors (HGFs and others). From this review, we concluded that the clinical relevance of recombinant cytokines has been increasing. Since the 1980s, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and/or Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved 89 biological medicines containing recombinant cytokines. Among these, 18 were withdrawn, 24 are biosimilars, and 18 are orphans.So far, considerable progress has been made in discovering new cytokines, additional cytokine functions, and how they interfere with human diseases. Future prospects include the approval of more biological and biosimilar medicines for different therapeutic applications.