stratospheric gravity waves at southern hemisphere orographic hotspots: 2003–2014 airs/aqua observations
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2016
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Abstract
Stratospheric gravity waves from small-scale orographic sources are currently
not well-represented in general circulation models. This may be a reason why
many simulations have difficulty reproducing the dynamical behavior of the
Southern Hemisphere polar vortex in a realistic manner. Here we discuss a
12-year record (2003–2014) of stratospheric gravity wave activity at
Southern Hemisphere orographic hotspots as observed by the Atmospheric
InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) aboard the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration's (NASA) Aqua satellite. We introduce a simple and effective
approach, referred to as the “two-box method”, to detect gravity wave
activity from infrared nadir sounder measurements and to discriminate between
gravity waves from orographic and other sources. From austral mid-fall to mid-spring (April–October) the contributions of orographic sources to the
observed gravity wave occurrence frequencies were found to be largest for the
Andes (90 %), followed by the Antarctic Peninsula (76 %), Kerguelen
Islands (73 %), Tasmania (70 %), New Zealand (67 %), Heard Island
(60 %), and other hotspots (24–54 %). Mountain wave activity was
found to be closely correlated with peak terrain altitudes, and with zonal
winds in the lower troposphere and mid-stratosphere. We propose a simple
model to predict the occurrence of mountain wave events in the AIRS
observations using zonal wind thresholds at 3 and 750 hPa. The model has
significant predictive skill for hotspots where gravity wave activity is
primarily due to orographic sources. It typically reproduces seasonal
variations of the mountain wave occurrence frequencies at the Antarctic
Peninsula and Kerguelen Islands from near zero to over 60 % with mean
absolute errors of 4–5 percentage points. The prediction model can be used
to disentangle upper level wind effects on observed occurrence frequencies
from low-level source and other influences. The data and methods presented
here can help to identify interesting case studies in the vast amount of AIRS
data, which could then be further explored to study the specific
characteristics of stratospheric gravity waves from orographic sources and to
support model validation.
| Reference Key |
hoffmann2016atmosphericstratospheric
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|---|---|
| Authors | ;L. Hoffmann;A. W. Grimsdell;M. J. Alexander |
| Journal | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry |
| Year | 2016 |
| DOI |
10.5194/acp-16-9381-2016
|
| URL | |
| Keywords |
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