blackbody radiation and the carbon particle
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ID: 134940
2008
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Abstract
Since the days of Kirchhoff, blackbody radiation has been considered to be a uni-
versal process, independent of the nature and shape of the emitter. Nonetheless, in
promoting this concept, Kirchhoff
did require, at the minimum, thermal equilibrium
with an enclosure. Recently, the author stated (P.-M. Robitaille,
IEEE Trans. Plasma
Sci.
, 2003, v. 31(6), 1263–1267; P.-M. Robitaille,
Progr. in Phys.
, 2006, v. 2, 22–23),
that blackbody radiation is not universal and has called for a return to Stewart’s law
(P.-M. Robitaille,
Progr. in Phys.
, 2008, v. 3, 30–35). In this work, a historical analysis
of thermal radiation is presented. It is demonstrated that soot, or lampblack, was the
standard for blackbody experiments throughout the 1800s. Furthermore, graphite and
carbon black continue to play a central role in the construction of blackbody cavities.
The advent of universality is reviewed through the writings of Pierre Prevost, Pierre Louis Dulong, Alexis Therese Petit, Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, Simeon Denis Pois-
son, Frederick Herve de la Provostaye, Paul Quentin Desain, Balfour Stewart, Gustav
Robert Kirchhoff, and Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck. These writings illustrate that
blackbody radiation, as experimentally produced in cavities and as discussed theoreti-
cally, has remained dependent on thermal equilibrium with at least the smallest carbon
particle. Finally, Planck’s treatment of Kirchhoff’s law is examined in detail and the
shortcomings of his derivation are outlined. It is shown once again, that universality
does not exist. Only Stewart’s law of thermal emission, not Kirchhoff’s, is fully valid.
| Reference Key |
p.-m.2008progressblackbody
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| Authors | ;Robitaille P.-M. |
| Journal | e-jurnal akuntansi |
| Year | 2008 |
| DOI |
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