Application of Nanostructured Carbon-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Screening of Emerging Pharmaceutical Pollutants in Waters and Aquatic Species: A Review

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2020
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Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, as a contaminant of emergent concern, are being released uncontrollably into the environment potentially causing hazardous effects to aquatic ecosystems and consequently to human health. In the absence of well-established monitoring programs, one can only imagine the full extent of this problem and so there is an urgent need for the development of extremely sensitive, portable, and low-cost devices to perform analysis. Carbon-based nanomaterials are the most used nanostructures in (bio)sensors construction attributed to their facile and well-characterized production methods, commercial availability, reduced cost, high chemical stability, and low toxicity. However, most importantly, their relatively good conductivity enabling appropriate electron transfer rates—as well as their high surface area yielding attachment and extraordinary loading capacity for biomolecules—have been relevant and desirable features, justifying the key role that they have been playing, and will continue to play, in electrochemical (bio)sensor development. The present review outlines the contribution of carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, carbon nanofibers, carbon black, carbon nanopowder, biochar nanoparticles, and graphite oxide), used alone or combined with other (nano)materials, to the field of environmental (bio)sensing, and more specifically, to pharmaceutical pollutants analysis in waters and aquatic species. The main trends of this field of research are also addressed.
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torrinha2020nanomaterialsapplication Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
Authors Álvaro Torrinha;Thiago M. B. F. Oliveira;Francisco W.P. Ribeiro;Adriana N. Correia;Pedro Lima-Neto;Simone Morais;Torrinha, Álvaro;Oliveira, Thiago M. B. F.;Ribeiro, Francisco W.P.;Correia, Adriana N.;Lima-Neto, Pedro;Morais, Simone;
Journal Nanomaterials
Year 2020
DOI
10.3390/nano10071268
URL
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/7/1268
Keywords
environment carbon nanomaterials sensors and biosensors aquatic fauna waters

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