An update on novel COVID-19 pandemic: a battle between humans and virus.

Pembaruan terkini mengenai pandemi COVID-19 baru: pertempuran antara manusia dan virus.

Clicks: 301
ID: 107698
2020
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Ranked #6 of 7 articles by views in European review for medical and pharmacological sciences

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Abstract
In the 21st century, human civilization has witnessed three major epidemics caused by Coronaviruses namely severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS CoV) in 2003, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS CoV) in 2012 and 2019 novel coronavirus (2019 nCoV) or coronavirus disease (COVID 19) in 2019. Among these, COVID-19 has greater transmission and mortality rate. 2019 nCoV belongs to a large family of positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses (+ssRNA) that can be isolated in different animal species. The most communal symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and shortness of breath during the incubation period (2-14 days) of infection. COVID-19 transmission is occurring from infected humans to close contact with one another through respiratory droplets, coughs, and sneezes of infected person. Moreover, the virus containing surfaces may also transmit the infection. Diagnosis is being carried out by collecting a nasopharyngeal swab or sputum specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Rapid diagnosing methods are also under development which can diagnose COVID 19 in few minutes to hours. Currently, there is no specific cure or preventive therapeutics available. Hence, based upon limited in-vitro and anecdotal data, Chloroquine, or Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, Lopinavir and Ritonavir are being employed in the management. Search for new specific anti-viral drugs from natural/synthetic origins is under full swing and many of them are currently used as chemotherapeutic drugs under clinical investigation. Yet, there is a strong need for development of vaccine, which may take several months to few years for the development.
Pada abad ke-21, peradaban manusia telah menyaksikan tiga epidemi besar yang disebabkan oleh Coronavirus, yaitu *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus* (SARS-CoV) pada tahun 2003, *Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus* (MERS-CoV) pada tahun 2012, dan *2019 novel coronavirus* (2019-nCoV) atau *coronavirus disease* (COVID-19) pada tahun 2019. Di antara ketiganya, COVID-19 memiliki tingkat penularan dan mortalitas yang lebih tinggi. 2019-nCoV termasuk dalam famili besar virus RNA untai tunggal *sense*-positif (+ssRNA) yang dapat diisolasi pada berbagai spesies hewan. Gejala COVID-19 yang paling umum meliputi demam, batuk, dan sesak napas selama masa inkubasi infeksi (2–14 hari). Penularan COVID-19 terjadi dari manusia yang terinfeksi ke kontak erat melalui percikan saluran pernapasan (*droplet*), batuk, dan bersin dari orang yang terinfeksi. Selain itu, permukaan yang terkontaminasi virus juga dapat menularkan infeksi tersebut. Diagnosis dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan spesimen usap nasofaring atau dahak (sputum) untuk deteksi RNA SARS-CoV-2 melalui *reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction* (RT-PCR). Metode diagnosis cepat juga sedang dikembangkan untuk mendeteksi COVID-19 dalam hitungan beberapa menit hingga beberapa jam. Saat ini, belum ada pengobatan spesifik atau terapi pencegahan yang tersedia. Oleh karena itu, berdasarkan data *in vitro* dan data anekdotal yang terbatas, Klorokuin atau Hidroksiklorokuin, Remdesivir, Lopinavir, dan Ritonavir digunakan dalam penatalaksanaannya. Pencarian obat antivirus spesifik baru yang berasal dari sumber alami/sintetis sedang gencar dilakukan dan banyak di antaranya saat ini digunakan sebagai obat kemoterapi yang sedang dalam penyelidikan klinis. Kendati demikian, terdapat kebutuhan mendesak untuk pengembangan vaksin, yang proses pengembangannya dapat memakan waktu beberapa bulan hingga beberapa tahun.
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prajapati2020aneuropean Use this key to autocite in the manuscript while using SciMatic Manuscript Manager or Thesis Manager
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Journal European review for medical and pharmacological sciences
Year 2020
DOI
21377
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