Resistance exercise training promotes fiber type-specific myonuclear adaptations in older adults.

Aging induces physiological decline in human skeletal muscle function and morphology including type II fiber atrophy and an increase in type I fiber frequency. Resistance exercise training (RET) is an effective strategy to overcome muscle mass loss and improve strength, with a stronger effect on type II fibers. In the present study we sought to determine the effect of a 12-week progressive RET program on the fiber type-specific skeletal muscle hypertrophic response in older adults. Nineteen subjects, 10 men and 9 women (71.1±4.3yr) were studied before and after the 12-week program. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to quantify myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell abundance, myonuclear content, and lipid droplet density. RET induced an increase in MyHC type II fiber frequency and a concomitant decrease in MyHC type I fiber frequency. Mean CSA increased significantly only in MyHC type II fibers (+23.3%, p<0.05), but myonuclear content increased only in MyHC type I fibers (p<0.05), with no change in MyHC type II fibers. Satellite cell content increased ~40% in both fiber types (p>0.05). RET induced adaptations to the capillary supply to satellite cells, with the distance between satellite cells and the nearest capillary increasing in type I fibers and decreasing in type II fibers. Both fiber types showed similar decrements in intramuscular lipid density with training (p<0.05). Our data provide intriguing evidence for a fiber-type specific response to RET in older adults and suggest flexibility in the myonuclear domain of type II fibers during a hypertrophic stimulus.