Toward Validation of Toxicological Interpretation of Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films in Marine Waters Impacted by Copper.

Abstract

Determination of the median effective concentration (EC50) of Cu, on Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae, by diffusive gradient in thin-films (DGT) has been shown to effectively reduce the need to consider dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration and quality. Standard toxicity test protocol was used to validate previously modelled protective effects, afforded to highly sensitive marine larvae by ligand competition, in five diverse site waters. The results demonstrate significant narrowing of M. galloprovincialis toxicological endpoints, where EC50s ranged from 3.74 - 6.67 μg/L as C Cu versus 8.76 - 26.8 μg/L as Cu over a DOC range of 0.74 - 3.11 mg/L; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus EC50s were 10.5 - 19.3 μg/L as C Cu versus 22.7 - 67.1 μg/L as Cu over the same DOC range. Dissolved organic carbon quality was characterized by fluorescence excitation and emission matrices. The results indicate that the heterogeneity of competing Cu binding ligands, in common marine waters, minimizes the need for class determinations toward explaining the degree of protection. Using conservative assumptions, an M. galloprovincialis C Cu EC50 of 3.7 µg/L and corresponding CMC C Cu of 1.8 µg/L, for universal application by regulatory compliance-monitoring programs, are proposed as a superior approach toward both integration of dynamic water quality over effective exposure periods and quantification of biologically-relevant trace Cu speciation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.