Selective and simultaneous detection of cadmium, lead and copper by tapioca-derived carbon dot-modified electrode.

Abstract

The need for the sensing of environmental pollutants cannot be overemphasized in the twenty-first century. Herein, a sensor has been developed for the sensitive and selective detection of copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) as major heavy metals polluting water environment. A screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified by fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was successfully fabricated for sensing Cu, Pb and Cd. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were deployed for the analysis of ternary analytes. CV was set at a potential range of - 0.8 to + 0.2 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s, and DPV at a potential range of - 0.8 to + 0.1 V, scan rate of 50 mV/s, pulse rate of 0.2 V and pulse width of 50 ms. DPV technique was applied through the modified electrode for sensitive and selective determination of Cu, Pb and Cd at a concentration range of 0.01 to 0.27 ppm for Cu, Pb and Cd. Tolerance for the highest possible concentration of foreign substances such as Mg, K, Na, NO, and SO was observed with a relative error less than ± 3%. The sensitivity of the modified electrode was at 0.17, 0.42 and 0.18 ppm for Cd, Pb and Cu, respectively, while the limits of detection (LOD) achieved for cadmium, lead and copper were 0.0028, 0.0042 and 0.014 ppm, respectively. The quality of the modified electrode for sensing Cu, Pb and Cd at trace levels is in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water regulation standard. The modified SPCE provides a cost-effective, dependable and stable means of detecting heavy metal ions (Cu, Pb and Cd) in an aqueous solution. Graphical abstract .