Accounting for ingrowth of radioactive progeny in dose assessments: generic weighting factors for dose coefficients.

In this paper we describe a practical and convenient method to include the contribution of ingrowth of radioactive progeny in dose assessments of the corresponding parent nuclides. This method modifies dose coefficients (DCs) of parent nuclides by adding weighted DCs of the corresponding daughter nuclides to them. Based on decay kinetics of serial nuclear transformations, the progeny weighting factors, with values between 0 and 1, are derived by analysis of the time-integrated activity of each nuclide in the (branched) decay chain headed by a parent nuclide. Using the electronic, nuclear-decay database of Publication 107 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, DC weighting factors for annual dose assessments are calculated for all daughter radionuclides in the decay chains and tabulated in this paper. Weighting factors based on integration periods other than one year, ranging from 1 hour to 70 years, are also provided (supplementary material). With a-priori established weighting factors, dose assessments become significantly simplified by considering the decay kinetics of only the parent nuclides and by applying the modified DCs. This ensures that ingrowth of progeny is taken into account realistically.
 In some cases, one requires a conservative estimate of the dose, for instance when dealing with issues of clearance of materials under regulatory control. Therefore, we adapted the weighting-factor method to derive conservative DC weighting factors for dose evaluations. These values are calculated for various integration periods and compared with those from an existing method adopted by the Euratom Article 31 Group of Experts and by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Identical progeny weighting factors are obtained for long-lived parent radionuclides, whereas for short-lived parent radionuclides, the new method can yield significantly larger values. For example, the weighting factor of I-131 (daughter of parent Te-131) increases from 0.002 to 1.0 based on an integration period of 1 year.
 The progeny DC weighting factors, derived based on nuclear transformations in exit-only decay chains, may not always be suitable for use in radiological dose evaluations. For instance, when environmental removal pathways are dominant, the application of these weighting factors may have its limitations. This paper therefore provides guidance on the proper selection and application of weighting factors.&#13.