Free radical research: ROS and pentose phosphate pathway: mathematical modeling of the metabolic regulation in response to xenobiotic-induced oxidative stress and the proposed Impact of the gluconate shunt.

Elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), eg resulting from exposure to xenobiotics, can cause severe damages. Antioxidant defense mechanisms, which involve regulation of enzyme activities, protect cells to a certain extent. Nevertheless, continuous or increased exposure can overwhelm this system resulting in an adverse cellular state. To simulate exposure scenarios and to investigate the transition to an adverse cellular state, a mathematical model for the dynamics of ROS in response to xenobiotic-induced oxidative stress has been developed. It is based on exposure experiments of human urothelial cells (RT4) to the nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), a component of diesel engine exhaust, and takes into account the following metabolic pathways of the antioxidant defense system: glutathione redox cycle scavenging directly ROS, the pentose phosphate pathway and the gluconate shunt as NADPH supplier and the beginning of glycolysis. In addition, ROS generation due to the bioactivation of 3-NBA has been implemented. The regulation of enzyme activities plays an important role in the presented mathematical model. The model consists of ordinary differential equations on the basis of enzyme kinetics and mass action for the metabolism of 3-NBA. Parameters are either estimated from performed in vitro experiments via least squares fitting or obtained from literature. The results underline the importance of the pentose phosphate pathway to cope with oxidative stress and suggest an important role of the gluconate shunt during low-dose exposure.